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Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed exclusively of hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) atoms.
General Formula: CₓHᵧKey Feature: Nonpolar, hydrophobic, and combustible.| Category | Structure | Example Compounds | Properties |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alkanes (Paraffins) | C–C single bonds | Methane (CH₄), Octane (C₈H₁₈) | Saturated, low reactivity |
| Alkenes (Olefins) | C=C double bonds | Ethylene (C₂H₄), Propylene (C₃H₆) | Unsaturated, polymerization |
| Alkynes | C≡C triple bonds | Acetylene (C₂H₂) | Highly reactive, welding fuel |
| Aromatics | Benzene rings (C₆H₆) | Toluene, Xylene | Stable, carcinogenic potential |
| Property | Alkanes | Alkenes/Alkynes | Aromatics |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reactivity | Low (free radical) | High (electrophilic) | Moderate (substitution) |
| Boiling Point | Increases with chain length | Similar trend | Higher due to ring structure |
| Combustion | Clean flame (CH₄) | Sooty flame (C₂H₂) | Smoky flame (C₆H₆) |
| Source | Hydrocarbon Type | Extraction Method |
|---|---|---|
| Natural Gas | Methane (CH₄) | Drilling, fracking |
| Crude Oil | C5–C40 alkanes | Fractional distillation |
| Coal | Aromatics (e.g., benzene) | Destructive distillation |
| Industry | Use Case | Example Hydrocarbon |
|---|---|---|
| Energy | Gasoline, jet fuel | Octane (C₈H₁₈) |
| Polymers | Plastics (PE, PP, PVC) | Ethylene (C₂H₄) |
| Chemicals | Solvents, synthetic rubbers | Butadiene (C₄H₆) |
| Pharmaceuticals | Drug precursors (e.g., aspirin) | Toluene (C₇H₈) |
| Issue | Cause | Mitigation |
|---|---|---|
| CO₂ Emissions | Combustion of fossil fuels | Carbon capture (CCS) |
| Air Pollution | Incomplete combustion (CO, soot) | Catalytic converters |
| Spills | Oil leaks/accidents | Bioremediation |
| Hazard | Precaution | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Flammability | Store in flame-proof areas | Gasoline (Flash point: -43°C) |
| Toxicity | Ventilation for volatile aromatics | Benzene (carcinogen) |
| Asphyxiation | Monitor methane leaks | Natural gas (odorless) |
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