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Acetic acid (Acetic Acid) is a colorless and transparent liquid with a stimulating sour smell. When the purity of acetic acid reaches 99.5wt% or more, it is called Glacial Acetic Acid. Acetic acid is soluble in water, alcohols and ethers, and is widely used in man-made fibers, rubber, plastics, agriculture, herbicides, leather, organic salts, dyestuffs, textiles and other industries.
Glacial Acetic Acid: Overview and Key Properties
| Category | Details |
|---|---|
| Chemical Name | Glacial Acetic Acid |
| IUPAC Name | Ethanoic Acid |
| Molecular Formula | CH₃COOH |
| CAS Number | 64-19-7 |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
| Odor | Pungent vinegar-like smell |
Physical & Chemical Properties
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Purity | ≥99.5% (glacial grade) |
| Melting Point | 16.6°C (61.9°F) |
| Boiling Point | 118.1°C (244.6°F) |
| Density (20°C) | 1.049 g/cm³ |
| Viscosity (25°C) | 1.22 mPa·s |
| Flash Point | 39°C (102°F) |
| pKa Value | 4.76 (25°C) |
Production Methods
| Method | Process Description |
|---|---|
| Methanol Carbonylation | Rhodium/iodide catalyzed (Monsanto process) |
| Oxidation of Acetaldehyde | Metal catalyst (traditional method) |
| Biological Fermentation | Vinegar production (dilute acetic acid) |
Applications
| Industry | Uses |
|---|---|
| Chemical Manufacturing | Vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) production |
| Pharmaceuticals | Solvent, pH adjuster, intermediate |
| Food Industry | Acidulant (E260), preservative |
| Textiles | Dyeing processes, cellulose acetate |
| Laboratory Use | Chemical reagent, buffer solution |
Safety & Handling
| Parameter | Requirements |
|---|---|
| OSHA PEL | 10 ppm (TWA) |
| NFPA Rating | Health 3. Flammability 2. Reactivity 1 |
| Storage | Glass/plastic/stainless steel containers |
| First Aid | Flush with water (15 min for skin/eye contact) |
Comparison with Other Acids
| Acid | Glacial Acetic vs. Alternatives |
|---|---|
| Formic Acid | Less corrosive, higher pKa |
| Hydrochloric Acid | Weaker acid, less volatile |
| Citric Acid | Organic but solid at room temp |
Market Data
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Global Capacity | ~18 million tons/year |
| Price Range | 600−600−900/ton |
| Major Producers | Celanese, BP, Eastman, Jiangsu Sopo |
Environmental Impact
| Characteristic | Data |
|---|---|
| Biodegradability | Readily biodegradable |
| Aquatic Toxicity | LC50 (fish): 50-100 mg/L |
| Atmospheric Lifetime | ~2 weeks |
Key Advantages and Limitations
| Advantages | Limitations |
|---|---|
| Versatile chemical intermediate | Corrosive to metals |
| High purity available | Freezes at 16.6°C |
| Biodegradable | Strong irritating vapors |
Summary
Glacial acetic acid is a fundamental organic acid with wide industrial applications, particularly in VAM production and food processing. Its unique freezing property (forming ice-like crystals at 16.6°C) gives the “glacial” designation. While safer than mineral acids, proper handling is essential due to its corrosivity and irritating vapors. The methanol carbonylation process dominates modern production.
Declaration: The products displayed on this website are intended exclusively for industrial applications or scientific research. They are not intended for medical, pharmaceutical, or food use. In accordance with applicable laws and regulations, purchasing organizations must hold valid qualifications and approvals.
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